C&c Generals Zero Hour Multiplayer Fix
This is a listing of operators in the C and C++ programming languages. All the operators listed exist in C++; the column "Included in C", states whether an operator is likewise present in C. Note that C does not back up operator overloading.
When not overloaded, for the operators &&, ||, and , (the comma operator), at that place is a sequence point afterward the evaluation of the start operand.
C++ likewise contains the type conversion operators const_cast, static_cast, dynamic_cast, and reinterpret_cast. The formatting of these operators ways that their precedence level is unimportant.
About of the operators available in C and C++ are likewise available in other C-family unit languages such as C#, D, Java, Perl, and PHP with the same precedence, associativity, and semantics.
Table [edit]
For the purposes of these tables, a, b, and c represent valid values (literals, values from variables, or return value), object names, or lvalues, every bit advisable. R, Due south and T stand up for any type(due south), and K for a grade type or enumerated type.
Arithmetic operators [edit]
All arithmetic operators be in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++.
| Operator name | Syntax | C++ prototype examples | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equally member of M | Outside class definitions | |||
| Addition | a + b | R K :: operator + ( S b ); | R operator + ( K a , S b ); | |
| Subtraction | a - b | R 1000 :: operator - ( Due south b ); | R operator - ( Grand a , Due south b ); | |
| Unary plus (integer promotion) | +a | R Grand :: operator + (); | R operator + ( Grand a ); | |
| Unary minus (additive inverse) | -a | R K :: operator - (); | R operator - ( 1000 a ); | |
| Multiplication | a * b | R Yard :: operator * ( South b ); | R operator * ( Yard a , S b ); | |
| Division | a / b | R K :: operator / ( S b ); | R operator / ( K a , S b ); | |
| Modulo (integer rest)[a] | a % b | R 1000 :: operator % ( South b ); | R operator % ( K a , S b ); | |
| Increment | Prefix | ++a | R & G :: operator ++ (); | R & operator ++ ( K & a ); |
| Postfix | a++ | R K :: operator ++ ( int ); | R operator ++ ( K & a , int ); | |
Note: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter int to differentiate between prefix and postfix increase operators. | ||||
| Decrement | Prefix | --a | R & K :: operator -- (); | R & operator -- ( K & a ); |
| Postfix | a-- | R K :: operator -- ( int ); | R operator -- ( 1000 & a , int ); | |
Note: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter int to differentiate between prefix and postfix decrement operators. | ||||
Comparing operators/relational operators [edit]
All comparison operators can be overloaded in C++.
| Operator proper noun | Syntax | Included in C | Paradigm examples | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Every bit member of K | Outside class definitions | ||||
| Equal to | a == b | Yes | bool M :: operator == ( S const & b ) const ; | bool operator == ( One thousand const & a , South const & b ); | |
| Not equal to | a != b a not_eq b [b] | Yes | bool Chiliad :: operator != ( Due south const & b ) const ; | bool operator != ( M const & a , Southward const & b ); | |
| Greater than | a > b | Aye | bool K :: operator > ( S const & b ) const ; | bool operator > ( 1000 const & a , Due south const & b ); | |
| Less than | a < b | Yes | bool One thousand :: operator < ( S const & b ) const ; | bool operator < ( Thou const & a , Due south const & b ); | |
| Greater than or equal to | a >= b | Yes | bool One thousand :: operator >= ( Southward const & b ) const ; | bool operator >= ( Thousand const & a , S const & b ); | |
| Less than or equal to | a <= b | Yep | bool Thou :: operator <= ( South const & b ) const ; | bool operator <= ( Chiliad const & a , South const & b ); | |
| Three-way comparison[c] | a <=> b | No | auto 1000 :: operator <=> ( const South & b ); | machine operator <=> ( const K & a , const South & b ); | |
The operator has a total of 3 possible return types: std::weak_ordering, std::strong_ordering and std::partial_ordering to which they all are convertible to. | |||||
Logical operators [edit]
All logical operators exist in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++, albeit the overloading of the logical AND and logical OR is discouraged, because as overloaded operators they behave as ordinary office calls, which means that both of their operands are evaluated, then they lose their well-used and expected short-excursion evaluation belongings.[i]
| Operator name | Syntax | C++ epitome examples | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| As fellow member of One thousand | Outside class definitions | |||
| Logical negation (NOT) | !a not a [b] | bool K :: operator ! (); | bool operator ! ( Grand a ); | |
| Logical AND | a && b a and b [b] | bool K :: operator && ( S b ); | bool operator && ( Thousand a , Due south b ); | |
| Logical OR | a || b a or b [b] | bool Thou :: operator || ( South b ); | bool operator || ( M a , S b ); | |
Bitwise operators [edit]
All bitwise operators exist in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++.
| Operator proper name | Syntax | Prototype examples | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| As member of K | Exterior course definitions | |||
| Bitwise NOT | ~a compl a [b] | R K :: operator ~ (); | R operator ~ ( Chiliad a ); | |
| Bitwise AND | a & b a bitand b [b] | R Thousand :: operator & ( S b ); | R operator & ( K a , Due south b ); | |
| Bitwise OR | a | b a bitor b [b] | R G :: operator | ( S b ); | R operator | ( K a , S b ); | |
| Bitwise XOR | a ^ b a xor b [b] | R K :: operator ^ ( S b ); | R operator ^ ( K a , S b ); | |
| Bitwise left shift[d] | a << b | R K :: operator << ( S b ); | R operator << ( K a , Southward b ); | |
| Bitwise right shift[d] [e] | a >> b | R K :: operator >> ( S b ); | R operator >> ( Thou a , S b ); | |
Assignment operators [edit]
All assignment expressions exist in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++.
For the given operators the semantic of the congenital-in combined consignment expression a ⊚= b is equivalent to a = a ⊚ b, except that a is evaluated only once.
| Operator proper name | Syntax | C++ paradigm examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| As fellow member of K | Outside class definitions | ||
| Direct assignment | a = b | R & K :: operator = ( Due south b ); | — |
| Improver consignment | a += b | R & M :: operator += ( S b ); | R & operator += ( Thousand & a , S b ); |
| Subtraction assignment | a -= b | R & G :: operator -= ( South b ); | R & operator -= ( Thou & a , S b ); |
| Multiplication assignment | a *= b | R & K :: operator *= ( S b ); | R & operator *= ( K & a , S b ); |
| Sectionalisation consignment | a /= b | R & K :: operator /= ( S b ); | R & operator /= ( K & a , S b ); |
| Modulo assignment | a %= b | R & Chiliad :: operator %= ( S b ); | R & operator %= ( K & a , S b ); |
| Bitwise AND assignment | a &= b a and_eq b [b] | R & K :: operator &= ( South b ); | R & operator &= ( K & a , S b ); |
| Bitwise OR consignment | a |= b a or_eq b [b] | R & Yard :: operator |= ( S b ); | R & operator |= ( K & a , Due south b ); |
| Bitwise XOR assignment | a ^= b a xor_eq b [b] | R & Grand :: operator ^= ( Due south b ); | R & operator ^= ( K & a , S b ); |
| Bitwise left shift consignment | a <<= b | R & K :: operator <<= ( Southward b ); | R & operator <<= ( Yard & a , S b ); |
| Bitwise right shift consignment[due east] | a >>= b | R & K :: operator >>= ( S b ); | R & operator >>= ( Grand & a , S b ); |
Member and pointer operators [edit]
| Operator proper name | Syntax | Can overload in C++ | Included in C | C++ paradigm examples | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| As member of Thou | Exterior class definitions | |||||
| Subscript | a[b] | Yes | Yes | R & K :: operator []( Southward b ); | — | |
| Indirection ("object pointed to by a") | *a | Yes | Yeah | R & Thou :: operator * (); | R & operator * ( Thousand a ); | |
| Address-of ("address of a") | &a | Yes | Yes | R * G :: operator & (); | R * operator & ( K a ); | |
| Construction dereference ("member b of object pointed to past a") | a->b | Aye | Yes | R * Grand :: operator -> (); [f] | — | |
| Structure reference ("member b of object a") | a.b | No | Yep | — | ||
| Fellow member selected past pointer-to-member b of object pointed to by a [g] | a->*b | Yes | No | R & 1000 :: operator ->* ( S b ); | R & operator ->* ( 1000 a , Southward b ); | |
| Member of object a selected by arrow-to-member b | a.*b | No | No | — | ||
Other operators [edit]
| Operator name | Syntax | Can overload in C++ | Included in C | Prototype examples | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Every bit member of Yard | Outside class definitions | |||||
| Part telephone call Meet Function object. | a(a1, a2) | Yes | Yes | R G::operator ()( S a , T b , ...); | — | |
| Comma | a, b | Yes | Yes | R 1000 :: operator ,( Due south b ); | R operator ,( K a , S b ); | |
| Ternary conditional | a ? b : c | No | Yes | — | ||
| Telescopic resolution | a::b | No | No | — | ||
| User-defined literals[h] since C++eleven | "a"_b | Yes | No | — | R operator "" _b ( T a ) | |
| Sizeof | sizeof(a) [i] sizeof(type) | No | Yep | — | ||
| Size of parameter pack since C++11 | sizeof...(Args) | No | No | — | ||
| Alignof since C++11 | alignof(type) or _Alignof(type) [j] | No | Yes | — | ||
| Type identification | typeid(a) typeid(blazon) | No | No | — | ||
| Conversion (C-style cast) | (type)a | Aye | Yes | K :: operator R (); [3] | — | |
| Conversion | blazon(a) | No | No | Note: behaves like const_cast/static_cast/reinterpret_cast[4] | ||
| static_cast conversion | static_cast<type>(a) | Yes | No | K :: operator R (); explicit K :: operator R (); since C++eleven | — | |
| Note: for user-defined conversions, the return type implicitly and necessarily matches the operator name. | ||||||
| dynamic cast conversion | dynamic_cast<type>(a) | No | No | — | ||
| const_cast conversion | const_cast<type>(a) | No | No | — | ||
| reinterpret_cast conversion | reinterpret_cast<type>(a) | No | No | — | ||
| Classify storage | new type | Yep | No | void * K :: operator new ( size_t x ); | void * operator new ( size_t 10 ); | |
| Classify storage (array) | new type [northward] | Yes | No | void * Grand :: operator new []( size_t a ); | void * operator new []( size_t a ); | |
| Deallocate storage | delete a | Aye | No | void K :: operator delete ( void * a ); | void operator delete ( void * a ); | |
| Deallocate storage (assortment) | delete[] a | Yep | No | void M :: operator delete []( void * a ); | void operator delete []( void * a ); | |
| Exception cheque since C++11 | noexcept(a) | No | No | — | ||
Notes:
- ^ The modulus operator works just with integer operands, for floating indicate numbers a library function must be used instead (like
fmod). - ^ a b c d e f 1000 h i j k Requires
iso646.hin C. Run into C++ operator synonyms - ^ About C++20 three-way comparing
- ^ a b In the context of iostreams, writers ofttimes will refer to
<<and>>as the "put-to" or "stream insertion" and "go-from" or "stream extraction" operators, respectively. - ^ a b According to the C99 standard, the right shift of a negative number is implementation defined. Near implementations, due east.g., the GCC,[2] use an arithmetic shift (i.e., sign extension), only a logical shift is possible.
- ^ The return blazon of
operator -> ()must be a type for which the->operation can exist practical, such as a pointer type. Iftenis of typeCwhereCoverloadsoperator -> (),x -> ygets expanded tox . operator -> () -> y. - ^ Meyers, Scott (October 1999), "Implementing operator->* for Smart Pointers" (PDF), Dr. Dobb's Journal, Aristeia .
- ^ About C++11 User-defined literals
- ^ The parentheses are non necessary when taking the size of a value, only when taking the size of a type. Yet, they are commonly used regardless.
- ^ C++ defines
alignofoperator, whereas C defines_Alignof. Both operators have the aforementioned semantics.
Operator precedence [edit]
The post-obit is a table that lists the precedence and associativity of all the operators in the C and C++ languages. Operators are listed top to bottom, in descending precedence. Descending precedence refers to the priority of the grouping of operators and operands. Considering an expression, an operator which is listed on some row will exist grouped prior to any operator that is listed on a row farther below information technology. Operators that are in the same cell (there may be several rows of operators listed in a prison cell) are grouped with the same precedence, in the given direction. An operator's precedence is unaffected by overloading.
The syntax of expressions in C and C++ is specified by a phrase structure grammar.[5] The table given here has been inferred from the grammar.[ citation needed ] For the ISO C 1999 standard, section 6.five.half dozen notation 71 states that the C grammar provided by the specification defines the precedence of the C operators, and besides states that the operator precedence resulting from the grammar closely follows the specification's section ordering:
"The [C] syntax [i.east., grammar] specifies the precedence of operators in the evaluation of an expression, which is the same every bit the social club of the major subclauses of this subclause, highest precedence first."[half dozen]
A precedence table, while mostly adequate, cannot resolve a few details. In particular, note that the ternary operator allows whatever arbitrary expression as its middle operand, despite beingness listed as having higher precedence than the assignment and comma operators. Thus a ? b, c : d is interpreted as a ? (b, c) : d, and non as the meaningless (a ? b), (c : d). So, the expression in the center of the conditional operator (between ? and : ) is parsed as if parenthesized. Besides, note that the firsthand, unparenthesized issue of a C bandage expression cannot exist the operand of sizeof. Therefore, sizeof (int) * x is interpreted every bit (sizeof(int)) * x and not sizeof ((int) * ten).
| Precedence | Operator | Clarification | Associativity |
|---|---|---|---|
| one highest | :: | Scope resolution (C++ only) | None |
| 2 | ++ | Postfix increment | Left-to-right |
-- | Postfix decrement | ||
() | Function call | ||
[] | Array subscripting | ||
. | Chemical element selection past reference | ||
-> | Element option through pointer | ||
typeid() | Run-time blazon information (C++ just) (meet typeid) | ||
const_cast | Type bandage (C++ only) (encounter const_cast) | ||
dynamic_cast | Type cast (C++ only) (see dynamic cast) | ||
reinterpret_cast | Type bandage (C++ but) (see reinterpret_cast) | ||
static_cast | Type cast (C++ only) (come across static_cast) | ||
| 3 | ++ | Prefix increment | Right-to-left |
-- | Prefix decrement | ||
+ | Unary plus | ||
- | Unary minus | ||
! | Logical NOT | ||
~ | Bitwise NOT (Ones' Complement) | ||
(type) | Type cast | ||
* | Indirection (dereference) | ||
& | Address-of | ||
sizeof | Sizeof | ||
_Alignof | Alignment requirement (since C11) | ||
new, new[] | Dynamic memory allocation (C++ but) | ||
delete, delete[] | Dynamic retentivity deallocation (C++ only) | ||
| 4 | .* | Pointer to member (C++ only) | Left-to-correct |
->* | Pointer to member (C++ but) | ||
| 5 | * | Multiplication | Left-to-right |
/ | Division | ||
% | Modulo (remainder) | ||
| 6 | + | Addition | Left-to-right |
- | Subtraction | ||
| 7 | << | Bitwise left shift | Left-to-right |
>> | Bitwise correct shift | ||
| 8 | <=> | Three-way comparing (Introduced in C++20 - C++ only) | Left-to-right |
| ix | < | Less than | Left-to-right |
<= | Less than or equal to | ||
> | Greater than | ||
>= | Greater than or equal to | ||
| x | == | Equal to | Left-to-correct |
!= | Not equal to | ||
| 11 | & | Bitwise AND | Left-to-correct |
| 12 | ^ | Bitwise XOR (exclusive or) | Left-to-right |
| 13 | | | Bitwise OR (inclusive or) | Left-to-correct |
| 14 | && | Logical AND | Left-to-right |
| fifteen | || | Logical OR | Left-to-correct |
| 16 | co_await | Coroutine processing (C++ simply) | Right-to-left |
co_yield | |||
| 17 | ?: | Ternary conditional (see ?:) | Correct-to-left |
= | Direct consignment | ||
+= | Consignment by sum | ||
-= | Assignment by deviation | ||
*= | Consignment by product | ||
/= | Consignment by quotient | ||
%= | Assignment by residue | ||
<<= | Assignment past bitwise left shift | ||
>>= | Assignment past bitwise right shift | ||
&= | Consignment by bitwise AND | ||
^= | Assignment by bitwise XOR | ||
|= | Consignment by bitwise OR | ||
throw | Throw operator (exceptions throwing, C++ just) | ||
| eighteen lowest | , | Comma | Left-to-right |
[7] [8] [9]
Notes [edit]
The precedence table determines the order of binding in chained expressions, when it is not expressly specified by parentheses.
- For instance,
++ten*threeis ambiguous without some precedence rule(s). The precedence table tells u.s. that: x is 'bound' more tightly to ++ than to *, so that any ++ does (now or later—run into below), information technology does information technology Just to ten (and non toten*iii); it is equivalent to (++x,x*three). - Similarly, with
iii*x++, where though the post-fix ++ is designed to deed AFTER the entire expression is evaluated, the precedence tabular array makes it articulate that ONLY 10 gets incremented (and NOT3*ten). In fact, the expression (tmp=ten++,three*tmp) is evaluated with tmp existence a temporary value. Information technology is functionally equivalent to something like (tmp=3*ten,++x,tmp).
- Abstracting the issue of precedence or bounden, consider the diagram above for the expression 3+two*y[i]++. The compiler'south chore is to resolve the diagram into an expression, 1 in which several unary operators (telephone call them 3+( . ), 2*( . ), ( . )++ and ( . )[ i ]) are competing to bind to y. The order of precedence tabular array resolves the final sub-expression they each act upon: ( . )[ i ] acts just on y, ( . )++ acts only on y[i], 2*( . ) acts only on y[i]++ and 3+( . ) acts 'but' on 2*((y[i])++). It is important to note that WHAT sub-expression gets acted on by each operator is clear from the precedence table but WHEN each operator acts is not resolved past the precedence table; in this example, the ( . )++ operator acts simply on y[i] past the precedence rules but binding levels lone do non betoken the timing of the postfix ++ (the ( . )++ operator acts simply after y[i] is evaluated in the expression).
Many of the operators containing multi-grapheme sequences are given "names" built from the operator name of each graphic symbol. For case, += and -= are often chosen plus equal(s) and minus equal(southward), instead of the more verbose "assignment by add-on" and "assignment past subtraction". The bounden of operators in C and C++ is specified (in the respective Standards) by a factored language grammar, rather than a precedence tabular array. This creates some subtle conflicts. For example, in C, the syntax for a conditional expression is:
logical - OR - expression ? expression : conditional - expression while in C++ it is:
logical - OR - expression ? expression : assignment - expression Hence, the expression:
is parsed differently in the 2 languages. In C, this expression is a syntax error, because the syntax for an assignment expression in C is:
unary - expression '=' assignment - expression In C++, it is parsed as:
eastward = ( a < d ? a ++ : ( a = d )) which is a valid expression.[10] [11]
If yous want to use comma-as-operator inside a single office argument, variable assignment, or other comma-separated list, you need to utilize parentheses,[12] [thirteen] east.m.:
int a = ane , b = 2 , weirdVariable = ( ++ a , b ), d = 4 ; Criticism of bitwise and equality operators precedence [edit]
The precedence of the bitwise logical operators has been criticized.[14] Conceptually, & and | are arithmetics operators like * and +.
The expression a & b == vii is syntactically parsed as a & ( b == vii ) whereas the expression a + b == 7 is parsed as ( a + b ) == vii . This requires parentheses to be used more oftentimes than they otherwise would.
Historically, there was no syntactic distinction betwixt the bitwise and logical operators. In BCPL, B and early C, the operators && || didn't exist. Instead & | had dissimilar meaning depending on whether they are used in a 'truth-value context' (i.east. when a Boolean value was expected, for example in if ( a == b & c ) {...} it behaved as a logical operator, only in c = a & b it behaved as a bitwise ane). It was retained then as to keep astern compatibility with existing installations.[xv]
Moreover, in C++ (and afterwards versions of C) equality operations, with the exception of the three-way comparing operator, yield bool type values which are conceptually a single bit (1 or 0) and as such do not properly belong in "bitwise" operations.
C++ operator synonyms [edit]
C++ defines[16] certain keywords to act as aliases for a number of operators:
| Keyword | Operator |
|---|---|
and | && |
and_eq | &= |
bitand | & |
bitor | | |
compl | ~ |
not | ! |
not_eq | != |
or | || |
or_eq | |= |
xor | ^ |
xor_eq | ^= |
These tin be used exactly the same fashion equally the punctuation symbols they supercede, as they are not the aforementioned operator under a different name, simply rather simple token replacements for the proper name (graphic symbol string) of the respective operator. This means that the expressions (a > 0 and not flag) and (a > 0 && !flag) take identical meanings. Information technology likewise means that, for example, the bitand keyword may be used to supersede non only the bitwise-and operator but besides the address-of operator, and it can even be used to specify reference types (e.thou., int bitand ref = northward). The ISO C specification makes assart for these keywords as preprocessor macros in the header file iso646.h. For compatibility with C, C++ provides the header ciso646, the inclusion of which has no effect.
See besides [edit]
- Bitwise operations in C
- Bit manipulation
- Logical operator
- Boolean algebra (logic)
- Table of logic symbols
- Digraphs and trigraphs in C and in C++
References [edit]
- ^ "Standard C++".
- ^ "Integers implementation", GCC four.3.3, GNU .
- ^ "user-defined conversion". Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ^ Explicit type conversion in C++
- ^ ISO/IEC 9899:201x Programming Languages - C. open-std.org – The C Standards Commission. nineteen December 2011. p. 465.
- ^ the ISO C 1999 standard, section half-dozen.five.vi note 71 (Technical written report). ISO. 1999.
- ^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ^ "C++ Congenital-in Operators, Precedence and Associativity". docs.microsoft.com . Retrieved xi May 2020.
- ^ "C++ Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved xvi July 2019.
- ^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved x April 2020.
- ^ "Does the C/C++ ternary operator really have the aforementioned precedence as consignment operators?". Stack Overflow . Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ^ "Other operators - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ "c++ - How does the Comma Operator piece of work". Stack Overflow . Retrieved i Apr 2020.
- ^ C history § Neonatal C, Bell labs .
- ^ "Re^x: next unless condition". www.perlmonks.org . Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ ISO/IEC 14882:1998(Eastward) Programming Linguistic communication C++. open up-std.org – The C++ Standards Committee. 1 September 1998. pp. forty–41.
External links [edit]
- "Operators", C++ reference (wiki) .
- C Operator Precedence
- Postfix Increment and Decrement Operators: ++ and -- (Programmer network), Microsoft .
C&c Generals Zero Hour Multiplayer Fix,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B
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